veiled4allah: Arabs, Africans, Muslims, and Darfur

A few days ago, I posted about how to send aid money to Darfur, Sudan, and pointed you to a large number of posts at Prometheus 6 about Darfur.

The horrific violence in Darfur and the terrible humanitarian tragedy that's unfolding there is a conflict between Arab militias supported by the central government in Khartoum and black Africans who live in the region. The Arabs one can guess are Muslim. But what about the victims?

The war in Darfur is in many respects a replay of the war in southern Sudan, waged with weapons that include ethnic militias, scorched-earth tactics and denial of humanitarian access. Both wars pit Sudan's Islamist, Arab-dominated government against African rebels demanding equal rights and an end to decades of neglect. In the south it is the SPLA that is doing the fighting; in Darfur it is the similarly named but quite separate Sudan Liberation Army (SLA). But there is one big difference between the 21-year war in the South and the 15-month war in Darfur. The ethnic Africans of Darfur, unlike those of the South, are Muslim. And not just Muslim: deeply, devoutly, unshakably Muslim. Theirs is not the shrill, extremist Islam of the fundamentalist generals who seized power in Sudan in 1989, but a quiet, tolerant Islam that has characterized Sudan for most of its recent history and that still characterizes most of its citizens - Arab or African.

Julie Flint, a researcher for Human Rights Watch writing for the Daily Star of Lebanon, has plenty more to say about the nature of the conflict:

The government's swift and bloody crackdown on the rebellion in Darfur reflects the unique importance of the SLA rebellion within Sudan. For the uprising is not only proof of Muslim opposition to the country's totalitarian rulers. It is, perhaps even more importantly, a war that cannot be depicted as a rebellion against Islam. The rebels cannot be condemned as "infidels" as they were in the South. And so they are vilified as "thieves and robbers" - thieves and robbers, however, who have proved capable of mounting a formidable military challenge to a government that has the advantage of air power and the added punch of the Janjaweed. The war in Darfur has laid bare the racial animus that has always underlain the war in Sudan. The killing there is not about religion. It is about race and ethnicity. In Darfur, the government's drive to "Arabize" a country that is made up of myriad ethnic groups has found a full and willing partner in Arab nomads whose search for new water and grazing land for their herds has led them into conflict with the majority population of settled African farmers.

When the SLA took up arms in February 2004, protesting government inaction in the face of increasingly violent encroachment by Arab nomads, the government responded by increasing its support for the nomads - reincarnated as Janjaweed - and embarked on a campaign of ethnic cleansing designed to lay waste the countryside and starve the rebels of support.

"The government wants to kill all African people, Muslim or not Muslim, in order to put Arabs in their places," says Izhaq Abdullah, unwittingly echoing the conclusion of many analysts. "We Africans are good Muslims. We pray all the time. We read the Koran all the time. It is they who are bad Muslims."

Flint describes some specific outrages of the Janjaweed against Islamic sites and symbols in Darfur:

The mosque in the village of Urum was packed with people mourning Yahya Abdul Karim, 80, when armed men on horseback rode in, firing indiscriminately. The village imam, Yahya Warshal, ran out of the mosque to try to protect his orphaned grandson. Some of the attackers rode into the mosque, where they killed 16 mourners. Others chased the imam into his grass hut and killed him there, along with the 3-year-old boy he was trying to protect. Before leaving the village, the attackers, driving over 3,000 stolen animals before them, tore up Korans found in the mosque and set the building on fire.

Barely a week later, the horsemen returned with soldiers from the regular Sudanese Army and in a four-day rampage killed 80 more people, including women and children. "The soldiers stayed on the edge of the village," said a 37-year-old man. "But they saw everything."

In the village of Sandikoro, soldiers and horsemen tore up Korans and defecated on them before burning the mosque, with its imam inside. In Kondoli, they killed another imam, Abrahim Durra, as well as a second imam and the muezzin.

The story is the same across Darfur, Sudan's westernmost region. In 25 days of research there and among refugees on the border with Chad, Human Rights Watch documented 62 attacks on mosques in Dar Masalit, the homeland of one of Darfur's three main African tribes. Several of them were accompanied by murders inside mosques, often during prayer time. Korans, prayer mats and other symbols of Islam were routinely desecrated.

As far as I am aware, the Janjaweed are not claiming an Islamic justification for their actions - and it's hard to imagine how they could while pillaging and desecrating mosques!

Flint calls her article "The Shameful Muslim Silence on Darfur". I wonder if many Muslims realize that the people of Darfur are themselves Muslims. I didn't until I started learning more about Darfur. We have a simplistic assumption that Arab=Muslim and therefore African=Non-Muslim.

Many Muslims who are so eager to condemn the U.S. or Israel for actions taken against Muslim peoples are silent about what Muslims themselves may do in the name of Islam. Sometimes that the guilty people are Muslim, even if their actions are done in the name of nationalism or any other ideology and not Islam, is enough to "shield" them. I hope that will not be the case here. If Muslims can't be led to speak up against the genocide in Darfur because the victims are human beings, perhaps they will speak up when they realize that the victims are Muslims. And perhaps some day more of us will speak up just because they're human beings.