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One interesting comment on judicial independence from an Islamic point of view was in the opinion of Justice Mohammed Afzal Cheema of the Pakistan Supreme Court in Bhutto v. Chief of Army Staff, [1977] PLD (S. Ct.) 657. This case concerned the legality of General Zia's coup in Pakistan, and Justice Cheema cited several Islamic scholars on the subject of when a usurping government should and should not be obeyed. The consensus seemed to be that a government that ruled according to shariah was legitimate - but this presupposed some authority, whether "the people" or a court, that could judge whether or not a government was ruling according to shariah. Justice Cheema concluded from this that courts have authority independent of the state and can, if necessary, judge the state itself.
The discussion in the article about the disagreements between the decisions of the Companions was also interesting - it sounded very much like the disagreements between the Talmudic rabbanim.
Thefiqh.org is a great site. I've only read a handful of the articles there, but all of the ones I've read so far are excellent.
The amazing thing about the scholars cited by Justice Cheema, though, is how strong the ideas of popular sovereignty and the limited state were in early Islam. There was a definite consensus that the state was bound by the law and that the people had the right to overthrow unjust government, and some of the scholarship was informed by Hellenistic notions of democracy as well as shura.
It's one of the reasons I laugh out loud whenever I hear the standard "Muslims can't do democracy" speech.